Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander
(January 2, 1898 – November 1, 1989)
She was a pioneering Black professional and civil rights activist of the early-to-mid-20th century
On April 27, 2022, Alexander was named a distinguished fellow by the American Economic Association for her contributions to economic equality and civil rights.. She is the first and only economist to posthumously receive the award
On June 15, 1921. she was the first black woman in the nation to get a Ph.D. in economics and the first to receive a doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1921 She was The second African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. In 1927, she was the first Black woman to receive a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School and went on to become the first Black woman to practice law in the state. She first national president of Delta Sigma Theta sorority serving from 1919 to 1923. She became the first black woman to pass the Pennsylvania bar. In 1928 Mossell Alexander was the first African-American woman appointed as Assistant City Solicitor for the City of Philadelphia, serving until 1930; she was reappointed from 1934 to 1938. She was also active in numerous professional and civic organizations. From 1943-1947 she was the first woman to serve as secretary of the National Bar Association.
Sadie and her husband Raymond Alexander were civil rights leaders who fought for the movement pressing to desegregate movie theaters and restaurants before the actions against them ever began again a first to do.
born on January 2, 1898, in Philadelphia to Aaron Albert Mossell II and Mary Louisa Tanner (born 1867). Mossell attended high school in Washington, D.C. at the M Street School, now known as Dunbar High School, graduating in 1915. She was able to do so because she stayed with her uncle Dr. Lewis B Moore and step-aunt at their home on the campus of Howard University.
Mossell returned to Philadelphia to study at the School of Education at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1918. There, she faced numerous hardships, due to her race and gender, such as poor advising, false accusations of plagiarism, and other students stealing her intellectual property. She pursued graduate work in economics, also at Penn, earning her master’s in 1919. Awarded the Francis Sergeant Pepper fellowship, she was able to continue her studies and in 1921 became the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a PhD from an American university.
Finding it difficult to get professorship work in Philadelphia as an African-American even with her doctorate, Mossell decided to take an actuarial job with the black-owned North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company in Durham, North Carolina, and worked there for two years.
In 1919, Sadie Tanner Mossell was elected the first national President of Delta Sigma Theta. Mossell Alexander also served as the legal advisor to Delta Sigma Theta sorority for 35 years. She was in contact with the Alpha Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta since 1915 when she arrived at the University of Pennsylvania. However, she needed five students to charter a chapter of the sorority, which was not possible until 1918. In March 1918, the Gamma Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta was established with Mossell as its first President. At the request of the Alpha Chapter, the four existing chapters of Delta Sigma Theta were called to convene at Howard University in December 1919. The sorority planned to host their meetings in the women’s dormitory on campus until Mossell’s uncle Lewis Baxter Moore offered his office as a meeting place. At this convention, the Grand Chapter of the sorority was established, taking the sorority from a loose federation of chapters to a national body. Under, Mossell’s leadership the Sorority expanded to new locales in the West, the South, and further into the Midwest and Northeast. She also initiated Delta’s first national program, May Week.
In 1923, Mossell married Raymond Pace Alexander shortly after he was admitted to the bar, then returned with him to Philadelphia. Mossell received job offers from several Black colleges and universities, but none of them was located in Philadelphia, and she had no desire to leave her new family. So she stayed home for a year, did volunteer work, and eventually entered law school. She was the first African-American woman admitted to the University of Pennsylvania Law School. While a law student, the dean attempted to deny her participation in the law review, but her fellow students – including Philip Werner Amram, who was then editor-in-chief of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review – insisted that she be allowed this honor, which she had earned. In 1927, she was Penn’s first African-American woman graduate, and the first to be admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar.
Mossell Alexander practiced law from 1927 until her retirement in 1982. Upon admission to the Bar, she joined her husband’s law practice as a partner, specializing in estate and family law. They both were active in civil rights law as well. In 1928 she was the first African-American woman appointed as Assistant City Solicitor for the City of Philadelphia, serving until 1930. She was reappointed from 1934 to 1938. From 1943 to 1947, she was the first woman to serve as secretary of the National Bar Association. She was appointed to the Commission on Human Relations of the City of Philadelphia, serving from 1952 to 1968. In 1959, when her husband was appointed to the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia, she opened her own law office. She continued to practice law independently until her husband’s death in 1974. In 1976, she joined the firm of Atkinson, Myers, and Archie as a general counsel, where she remained until her retirement.
Mossell Alexander died on November 1, 1989, at Cathedral Village in Andorra, Philadelphia, from pneumonia as a complication of Alzheimer’s disease. She was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery.
Her maternal grandfather was Benjamin Tucker Tanner (1835–1923), a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) and editor of the Christian Recorder. Bishop Tanner and his wife Sarah Elizabeth Tanner had seven children, including Henry Ossawa Tanner (1859–1937), who became a noted painter, and Hallie Tanner Johnson, the first female physician to practice medicine in Alabama[4] and who established the Nurses’ School and Hospital at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
Her father, Aaron Albert Mossell II (1863-1951), was the first African-American graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Law and practiced as a lawyer in Philadelphia. In 1899, when his daughter Sadie was a one-year-old, he abandoned his family and moved to Wales. Her uncle, Nathan Francis Mossell (1856–1946) was the first African-American graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.
Mossell Alexander’s siblings include Aaron Albert Mossell III (1893–1975), who became a pharmacist; and Elizabeth Mossell (1894–1975), who became a Dean of Women at Virginia State College, a historically black college.
During her high school years, Mossell lived in Washington, DC, with her uncle, Lewis Baxter Moore, who was dean at Howard University, and her step-aunt Lavinia W. Moore.
On November 29, 1923, Sadie Tanner Mossell married Raymond Pace Alexander (1897–1974) in her parents’ home on Diamond Street in North Philadelphia, with the ceremony performed by her father. Alexander, whose parents were formerly enslaved, grew up in Philadelphia. He attended and graduated from Central High School (1917, valedictorian), Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (1920), and Harvard Law School (1923). At the time of their marriage, he had established a law practice in Philadelphia.
Sadie and Raymond had four premature children, with only the last two surviving. They were able to raise two daughters:[4] Mary Elizabeth Alexander (born 1934), who married Melvin Brown; and Rae Pace Alexander (born 1937), who earned a Ph.D. and married Archie C. Epps III. After her divorce from Epps, in 1971 Rae Pace Alexander married Thomas Minter, and they had two sons together.
Alexander’s work and views are recorded in speeches kept in the University of Pennsylvania archives. Her earliest works are from the 1920s and discuss black workers in the US economy. In 1930, Alexander published an article, “Negro Women in Our Economic Life”, which was published in Urban League’s Opportunity magazine advocating black women’s employment, particularly in industrial jobs. Alexander generally supported the Republican Party, suspicious of the control of conservative southern whites over the Democratic Party, although she also criticized Republican political appointments, as well as what she saw as uneven benefits of the New Deal which did not do enough to help blacks who were most hurt by the great depression. During World War II, Alexander saw similarities in a rise in racial violence and discrimination in the US as paralleling the treatment of Jews in Germany. Near the end of the war, she supported integrating labor unions to increase their bargaining power once the war economy slowed and industrial employment moved toward pre-war levels. Her interest in labor economic issues extended to advocating for government regulation to smooth fluctuations in the business cycle, modification of tariffs, regulation of public utilities, and regulation of securities and securities markets.
After the war, she was appointed to Truman’s Presidential Committee on Human Rights and shifted her focus to civil and human rights. Evidence in the archives suggests that her focus was in this direction for over a decade. In 1949, Alexander and six other Philadelphians formed the Citizens’ Council on Democratic Rights to “protect and extend the enjoyment of human rights.” In 1951, joined by Henry W. Sawyer, the Council became the Greater Philadelphia Branch of the American Civil Liberties Union; Alexander continued to serve on that organization’s board of directors for many years. In 1963 she gave a speech to the Annual Conference of the Commission on Human Rights and she returned to the topic of economic justice, advocating for universal employment.
In a 1981 interview, she did with the Geriatric Nursing Journal about her position as chair of the WHCoA, Alexander expressed her disapproval of anti-abortion legislation. She advocated for better benefits for nurses and stressed their vitality to the healthcare system. She also expressed that everyone, no matter their age or educational level, can add value to the economy with the proper support.
Sadie T.M. Alexander, 91, the first black woman to practice law in Pennsylvania and an early fighter for civil rights, died Wednesday at Cathedral Village in Roxborough, where she had lived since 1983.
Sadie and her husband Raymond Alexander were civil rights leaders who fought for the movement pressing to desegregate movie theaters and restaurants before the actions against them ever began pioneering this effort of equality.
Sadie T.M. Alexander, 91, the first black woman to practice law in Pennsylvania and an early fighter for civil rights, died Wednesday at Cathedral Village in Roxborough, where she had lived since 1983.
She had been ill for several years with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and recently was weakened by pneumonia.
Honorable Judge Stout who was her best friend actually was in charge of her estate. She once said that Sadie is a living embodiment of the triumph over racism and sexism through education and hard work. Among her many tributes were honorary degrees from the University of Pennsylvania, Lincoln University, Swarthmore College, Drexel University, and the Medical College of Pennsylvania. In 1986, the Philadelphia Bar Association named its public service center in honor of the Alexanders. Dr. Alexander’s husband died in November 1974.
Surviving are her daughters, Rae Alexander-Minter and Mary A. Brown; her son-in-law, Thomas K. Minter, former assistant secretary of education in the Carter administration; two grandchildren; a step-grandson, and two great-grandchildren
Her Legacy
In 1948, the National Urban League featured Alexander as “Woman of the Year” in its comic book Negro Heroes.
In 1970, Alexander was finally granted membership into Phi Beta Kappa, an honor she had been denied as an undergraduate at the University of Pennsylvania.
In 1974, Alexander was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Pennsylvania, her first of seven such honors. She received her degree at the University of Pennsylvania Law School.
In 1980, Alexander received the Distinguished Service Award from the University of Pennsylvania’s Law School.
An elementary school in West Philadelphia, the Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander University of Pennsylvania Partnership School (“Penn Alexander”), is named after her. The public school was developed in partnership with the university, which supports the school financially and academically.
The Raymond Pace and Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander Professorship at the University of Pennsylvania is named in her honor.
In 2018, The Sadie Collective, an organization for Black Women in quantitative fields was created in her honor. It hosted the first U.S. conference for Black Women in Economics in 2019, drawing attention from press outlets such as NPR, Forbes, Bloomberg, and Quartz as well as notable economists like Janet Yellen, former Chair of the Federal Reserve System, and James Poterba, current president and CEO of the NBER. The conference was attended by her daughter, Dr. Rae Pace Alexander-Minter, and took place at Mathematica Policy Research’s Washington, D.C., office.
In 2018, Philadelphia City Councilwoman Cherelle Parker proposed a measure to erect a statue of Alexander.
On February 24, 2021, Alexander’s life and accomplishments were the subject of an episode of the podcast Broads You Should Know
On April 27, 2022, Alexander was named a distinguished fellow by the American Economic Association for her contributions to economic equality and civil rights.. She is the first and only economist to posthumously receive the award